ANIMAL
FEEDING » LIVESTOCK RAISING
YOUNG ANIMALS FEEDING
TEKMASH® technology for the production of
soy milk or peas milk allows to substitute 5080% of expensive
whole cow milk, absolutely safe for calves. It is also recommended
to include 1/4 of a gallon (1 ltr.) of vegetable milk in young
pigs ration. The feeding schemes are approved by animal husbandry
specialists, including scientists from the Academy of Agricultural
Sciences of Ukraine.
In Table 1 you will see a side-by-side comparison of the
characteristics of whole milk, whey, as well as soy paste
and dispersion soy milk prepared from this paste under TEKMASH®
technology:
SOY MILK (PRODUCED BY DISPERSION)
Table 1
|
No. |
FODDER
CONTENT / LIQUID
|
WHOLE
MILK
|
WHEY
|
20%-SOY
PASTE |
SOY
MILK |
| 1 |
Dry matter, % |
11.2 |
8.2 |
20 |
8 |
| 2 |
Fats, % |
3.4 |
0.2 |
4 |
1.6 |
| 3 |
Proteins, % |
3.0 |
3.0 |
8 |
3.2 |
| 4 |
Carbohydrates, % |
4.8 |
4.5 |
6 |
2.4 |
| 5 |
Price,
USD/gallon
USD/ltr. |
0.49
0.13 |
0.25
0.065 |
0.18
0.046 |
|
| 6 |
Metabolizable energy,
kcal/lb
kcal/kg |
28
62 |
14
30 |
48
105 |
11
24 |
The suggested layout implies equal substitution of whey (whole
milk) with soy milk or whole milk substitute (WMS).
Inclusion of soy products in calves ration allows to raise
the productivity, reduce the fodders cost and, consequently,
to boost economic indices of raising young cattle.
Calves need to be watched in order to prevent stomach and
digestion disorders. Under any feeding technology, the amount
of soy in fodders dry matter content should not exceed 20%.
Table 2 provides a comparative assessment of nutritive value
of various fodders, both conventional ones and those produced
in TEK-SM machine. The specified fodder additives may be used
taking into account the existing fodder resources in various
climatic zones of Ukraine.
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF FODDERS NUTRITIVE
VALUE
Table 2
| Parameter |
Norms |
Regenerated |
Whey |
Soy |
Peas |
WMS
(dry) |
| |
for dry
matter concentration |
milk |
Whey |
milk |
milk |
Kalvolac |
Soy |
Peas |
| |
(dry) |
(dry) |
(dry) |
(dry) |
mix |
mix |
| Price, USD/lb,
(USD/kg) |
|
3.18
(7) |
1.59
(3.5) |
0.68
(1.5) |
0.36
(0.8) |
3.05
(6.7) |
0.90
(2) |
0.64
(1.4) |
| Fodder unit,
lbs
kg |
1.982.42
0.9 - 1.1
|
4.466
2.03
|
2.75
1.25
|
3.388
1.54
|
2.772
1.26
|
2.816
1.28
|
3.146
1.43
|
2.662
1.21
|
| Metabolizable energy, MJ |
9 - 12 |
13.4 |
12.3 |
1.7 |
14.2 |
18 |
15.66 |
13.64 |
| Raw protein, g |
180-240 |
240 |
370 |
290 |
196 |
220 |
265.18 |
189.6 |
| Raw fat, g |
80-90 |
250 |
11 |
142 |
12 |
160 |
195.4 |
90.36 |
| Raw fiber, g |
170-190 |
0 |
0 |
59 |
66 |
5 |
58.68 |
64.14 |
| Lysine, g |
|
17.1 |
29.3 |
10.32 |
14.86 |
12.6 |
16.63 |
17.3 |
| Methionine (+cystine), g |
|
8.9 |
12.9 |
6.5 |
5 |
7.2 |
7.46 |
6.23 |
| Calcium, g |
7.5-9.5 |
12.2 |
12.9 |
4.76 |
1.3 |
9.9 |
12.96 |
11.81 |
| Phosphorus, g |
5.5-7.5 |
9.8 |
10 |
5.5 |
4 |
9.9 |
9.02 |
9.38 |
| Selenium, mg |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.5 |
0.33 |
0.33 |
| Cobalt, mg |
0.5-0.7 |
0.2 |
1.8 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
| Iron, mg |
50-60 |
42 |
0.8 |
52 |
72 |
126 |
71.32 |
86.94 |
| Copper, mg |
6.5-8.5 |
2.1 |
0.9 |
2.4 |
8.6 |
4 |
14.5 |
19.4 |
| Zinc, mg |
40-50 |
21 |
4.4 |
13 |
30 |
50 |
72.87 |
86.55 |
| Manganese, mg |
35-45 |
2.2 |
0.2 |
9.3 |
15 |
30 |
51.94 |
56.47 |
| Vitamin K (phylloquinone), mg |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
2 |
2 |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), mg |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
120 |
150 |
150 |
| Vitamin A (retinol), thousands
of IU |
|
45 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
50 |
20 |
20 |
| Vitamin D (calciferol), thousands
of IU |
0,5-0,7 |
15 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
| Vitamin E (tocopherol), mg |
35-45 |
50 |
0.4 |
59 |
50 |
80 |
94.39 |
87.17 |
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine), mg |
|
4 |
4.5 |
5.3 |
3.4 |
80 |
13.23 |
11.69 |
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine),
mg |
15 |
14 |
3.1 |
1.1 |
8 |
8.96 |
7.35 |
| Vitamin B3 (pantothenic
acid), mg |
10 |
35 |
25.4 |
24 |
40 |
42.65 |
41.66 |
| Vitamin B4 (choline
chloride), mg |
1228 |
1200 |
2220 |
2120 |
400 |
2287.7 |
2201 |
| Vitamin B5 (nicotinic
acid), mg |
25 |
11 |
31.7 |
27 |
25 |
89.73 |
85.77 |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine),
mg |
0 |
14 |
4.3 |
3.8 |
10 |
9 |
8.58 |
| B12 (cyanocobalamin),
mcg |
177 |
42 |
0 |
0 |
30 |
40 |
40 |
| The
nutrients concentration norms in 1 kg of dry
matter are specified for calves (A.P. Kalashnikov, 1985). |
| The content of regenerated
milk and whey is calculated
based on average value. |
| The
content of soy and peas milk
is based on the nutritive value data of respective crop. |
| Kalvolac
is a whole milk substitute produced by Nutrifeed (the
Netherlands) |
| Soy
and peas grain mix is approximated
to WMS and is prepared on the basis of respective grain
and vitamins-mineral concentrate. The content of the
latter varies depending on the nutritive value
of the ration. |
Details on TEK-SM equipment selection depending on
the number of cattle stock are provided in Table 3
RECOMMENDED TEK-SM EQUIPMENT DEPENDING ON
CATTLE STOCK NUMBER
Table 3
| No. |
Parameters |
TEK-1SM |
TEK-2SM |
TEK-13SM |
TEK-4SM |
| 1 |
Soy paste/milk max. production
capacity lbs/hour
kgs/hour
|
154/462
70/210
|
220/660
100/300
|
330/990
150/450
|
660/1,980
300/900
|
| 2 |
Recommended calves stock per
1 feeding cycle, number |
35 |
50 |
75 |
150 |
| 3 |
Recommended calves stock per
1 work shift*, up to |
200 |
300 |
400 |
800 |
| 4 |
Min. young pigs stock per 1
feeding cycle, number |
200 |
300 |
450 |
900 |
| 5 |
Min. young pigs stock per 1
work shift, number |
1000 |
2000 |
2500 |
5000 |
| 6 |
Operators |
1 |
1 |
1-2 |
2 |
*)-
Based on 8-hour work day, taking
into account the time needed for machine steaming (disinfection),
it is advisable to finish 5-6 operation cycles.
As it becomes clear from Table 3, the recommended number
of young pig sucklings is approximately 5 times higher than
the recommended number of young cattle. This has to do with
the fact that a calf gets 1.32-1.59 gallons (5-6 ltrs.) of
soy milk per day, whereas a young pig gets only about 0.26
gallon (1 ltr.).
As we know, a peculiar feature of cattle farming in Canada
is an early calf weaning from a cow and early switch to starter
feeds. Starter feed must be fresh and palatable. It should
be prepared from farm-grown crops with the addition of 2025%
of soy, minerals and vitamins.
TEKMASH® equipment is a perfect fit for the production of
such fodder mixes consisting of crops and legumes (soy-wheat-corn;
peas-corn-oats, etc.).
Recommendations for young pigs feeding are provided in Table
4. Analysis of feedback received from a
number of farms gives us grounds for the following statements:
- daily gains of sucklings increase, on the average, by
0.11-0.16 lb (50-70 g);
- daily gains of weanling piglets increase, on the average,
by 0.22 lb (100 g).
Moreover, if we take into consideration that the purchasing
price per 1 kg (2.2 lbs) of pig live weight is about U$ 1.48-1.85,
then the average daily profits from the introduction of this
technology (0.22 lb or 100 g of additional daily gain) equals
to U$ 0.11-0.15. The net cost of 1 ltr. of soy milk produced
from soy grown locally, in the farm, does not exceed 2 cents
(or 7 cents per gallon).
Thus, the daily profit on just one pig weanling is 913 cents
(all calculations are based on Ukrainian market prices).
If a farm has 5,000 pigs herd, the daily savings on liquid
fodders amounts to about U$ 556.
The price of TEK-4SM machine recommended for young pigs herd
of this size (5,000) is U$ 9,630, therefore, the equipment
pay-back period can be calculated with this formula: 9,630/556
= 18 days.
The introduction experience showed that the pay-back period
of TEKMASH® equipment in real farming conditions does not exceed
23 months.
As seen from Table 6, the profit margin of a pig farm rises
approximately by 25% owing to introduction of the new technology.
It is obvious that after the return of invested funds, the
farm will receive U$ 16,667 of additional monthly profits.
SUCKING PIGS FEEDING PROGRAMS
Table 4
| Parameter |
Units |
Conventional |
Suggested |
Conventional |
Suggested |
| program 1 |
program 1 |
program 2 |
program 2 |
| Whey |
Feed mix |
Soy |
Feed |
Milk |
Feed |
CMS* |
Feed |
| Milk |
mix |
mix |
mix |
| Period duration |
days |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
| Fodder consumption per
1 animal in this period |
lbs
kg
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
| Fodder cost |
USD |
0.064 |
0.22 |
0.018 |
0.064 |
0.13 |
0.064 |
0.037 |
0.064 |
| Expenses
per 1 piglet for the period |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fodder weight |
lbs
kg
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
44
20
|
| Fodder cost |
USD |
1.3 |
4.44 |
0.37 |
4.44 |
2.59 |
4.44 |
0.74 |
4.44 |
| Total fodder
cost |
USD |
5.74 |
4.81 |
7.04 |
5.19 |
| Animal live
weight standard |
lbs
kg
|
39.6
18
|
39.6
18
|
39.6
18
|
39.6
18
|
| Planned live weight |
lbs
kg
|
39.6
18
|
39.6
18
|
45.54
20.7
|
45.54
20.7
|
| at the end of the period |
% |
100 |
100 |
115 |
115 |
| Net cost of a grown
pig |
USD |
20 |
20 |
23 |
23 |
| Total costs of
pig raising () |
USD |
9.19 |
8.26 |
10.48 |
8.63 |
| Profits from the sale
of 1 pig () |
USD |
10.81 |
11.74 |
12.52 |
14.37 |
| Profit
margin (/) |
% |
117.7 |
142.2 |
119.4 |
166.5 |
| *CMS
soy (peas) based cow milk substitute with additions
of vegetable fats, a pre-mix of vitamins and minerals
and a bioactive substances complex. The
ingredient content is adjusted depending on the
overall nutritive value of the ration. |
| The
core of the Traditional feeding program
for pig sucklings was taken from recommendations
provided in the reference material The Standards
and Rations of Agricultural Animals Feeding (A.P.
Kalashnikov, N.I. Kleymenov, 1985). |
| The
suggested layout implies equal substitution of
whey (whole milk) with soy milk - cow milk substitute
(CMS). |
| Overall
nutritive value of the ration needs to be adjusted
with the ingredients content of used feed mix. |
|
*
- Osipenko®
registered trade mark is the last name of the creator of TEKMASH®
technology, Science Ph.D, Sergey Borisovich Osipenko. S.B.
Osipenko currently holds the position of the association president.
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